一、Python（pymongo）
Python 生态中，`pymongo` 是 MongoDB 维护的驱动库，提供同步连接模式，适用于 Web 后端（如 Flask、Django）和数据处理脚本等场景。以下示例展示了四种连接方式的完整配置，包含连接池、超时、重试和读写策略等生产环境推荐参数。`pymongo` 的连接池由驱动内部自动管理，通过 `maxPoolSize` 和 `minPoolSize` 控制连接数量，无需手动创建或释放连接。
from pymongo import MongoClientfrom pymongo.read_preferences import ReadPreference# 分片集群：SRV 连接（自动发现 Mongos，扩缩容无需改连接串）client = MongoClient( "mongodb+srv://mongouser:password@xxx.tencentcdb.com/admin", authSource="admin", # 连接池配置 maxPoolSize=150, minPoolSize=10, maxIdleTimeMS=120000, waitQueueTimeoutMS=5000, # 超时配置 connectTimeoutMS=10000, serverSelectionTimeoutMS=5000, # 可靠性配置 retryWrites=True, retryReads=True, w="majority", # 读偏好 readPreference=ReadPreference.SECONDARY_PREFERRED)# 副本集：使用控制台默认连接串（包含所有节点地址）client = MongoClient( "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017,10.0.0.101:27017,10.0.0.102:27017/admin", authSource="admin", replicaSet="cmgo-xxxxxxxx", maxPoolSize=150, retryWrites=True, w="majority", readPreference=ReadPreference.SECONDARY_PREFERRED)# 分片集群：LB 地址连接（默认方式，绝大多数场景适用）client = MongoClient( "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017/admin", authSource="admin", maxPoolSize=150, retryWrites=True, w="majority", readPreference=ReadPreference.SECONDARY_PREFERRED)# 分片集群：连接所有 Mongos（需先开通 Mongos 访问地址）client = MongoClient( "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017,10.0.0.100:27018,10.0.0.100:27019/admin", authSource="admin", maxPoolSize=150, retryWrites=True, w="majority", readPreference=ReadPreference.SECONDARY_PREFERRED)# 连接健康检查def check_connection(): try: client.admin.command('ping') print("MongoDB 连接正常") return True except Exception as e: print(f"MongoDB 连接失败: {e}") return False
二、Java（MongoDB Driver）
Java 生态中，mongodb-driver-sync 是 MongoDB 提供的同步驱动，广泛应用于 Spring Boot、微服务等企业级项目。Java 驱动通过 MongoClientSettings 构建器模式配置连接参数，将连接池、超时、写关注和读偏好等配置统一管理。以下示例将四种连接方式封装为独立方法，共享同一套 MongoClientSettings 配置，便于在不同架构间切换。连接池由驱动内部维护，应用只需调用对应方法获取 MongoClient 实例即可，无需手动管理连接生命周期。
import com.mongodb.ConnectionString;import com.mongodb.MongoClientSettings;import com.mongodb.ReadPreference;import com.mongodb.WriteConcern;import com.mongodb.client.MongoClient;import com.mongodb.client.MongoClients;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class MongoDBConfig { // 分片集群：SRV 连接 public static MongoClient createClientWithSRV() { String uri = "mongodb+srv://mongouser:password@xxx.tencentcdb.com/admin" + "?authSource=admin"; return createClientFromUri(uri); } // 副本集：控制台默认连接串（包含所有节点地址） public static MongoClient createClientWithReplicaSet() { String uri = "mongodb://mongouser:password" + "@10.0.0.100:27017,10.0.0.101:27017,10.0.0.102:27017/admin" + "?authSource=admin&replicaSet=cmgo-xxxxxxxx"; return createClientFromUri(uri); } // 分片集群：LB 地址连接（绝大多数场景适用） public static MongoClient createClientWithLB() { String uri = "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017/admin" + "?authSource=admin"; return createClientFromUri(uri); } // 分片集群：连接所有 Mongos public static MongoClient createClientWithAllMongos() { String uri = "mongodb://mongouser:password" + "@10.0.0.100:27017,10.0.0.100:27018,10.0.0.100:27019/admin" + "?authSource=admin"; return createClientFromUri(uri); } private static MongoClient createClientFromUri(String uri) { MongoClientSettings settings = MongoClientSettings.builder() .applyConnectionString(new ConnectionString(uri)) // 连接池配置 .applyToConnectionPoolSettings(builder -> builder .maxSize(150) .minSize(10) .maxConnectionIdleTime(120, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .maxWaitTime(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) // 超时配置 .applyToSocketSettings(builder -> builder .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) .applyToClusterSettings(builder -> builder .serverSelectionTimeout(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) // 可靠性配置 .retryWrites(true) .retryReads(true) .writeConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY) .readPreference(ReadPreference.secondaryPreferred()) .build(); return MongoClients.create(settings); }}
三、Node.js（MongoDB Driver）
Node.js 生态中，mongodb 是驱动包，基于异步 I/O 模型，适合高并发的 Web 服务（如 Express、Koa、NestJS）和 Serverless 函数等场景。以下示例将连接池、超时、重试和读写策略等通用参数提取为 commonOptions 对象，四种连接方式共享同一套配置，切换连接方式时只需修改 URI 即可。Node.js 驱动的连接池同样由驱动自动管理，每次调用 client.connect() 后即可复用连接池中的连接，无需手动创建或关闭单个连接。
const { MongoClient, ReadPreference } = require('mongodb');// 通用连接配置const commonOptions = { maxPoolSize: 150, minPoolSize: 10, maxIdleTimeMS: 120000, waitQueueTimeoutMS: 5000, connectTimeoutMS: 10000, serverSelectionTimeoutMS: 5000, retryWrites: true, retryReads: true, w: 'majority', readPreference: ReadPreference.SECONDARY_PREFERRED};// 分片集群：SRV 连接async function connectWithSRV() { const uri = "mongodb+srv://mongouser:password@xxx.tencentcdb.com/admin?authSource=admin"; const client = new MongoClient(uri, commonOptions); await client.connect(); await client.db('admin').command({ ping: 1 }); console.log('SRV 连接成功'); return client;}// 副本集：控制台默认连接串async function connectReplicaSet() { const uri = "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017,10.0.0.101:27017,10.0.0.102:27017/admin?authSource=admin&replicaSet=cmgo-xxxxxxxx"; const client = new MongoClient(uri, commonOptions); await client.connect(); console.log('副本集连接成功'); return client;}// 分片集群：LB 地址连接（绝大多数场景适用）async function connectWithLB() { const uri = "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017/admin?authSource=admin"; const client = new MongoClient(uri, commonOptions); await client.connect(); console.log('LB 连接成功'); return client;}// 分片集群：连接所有 Mongosasync function connectWithAllMongos() { const uri = "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017,10.0.0.100:27018,10.0.0.100:27019/admin?authSource=admin"; const client = new MongoClient(uri, commonOptions); await client.connect(); console.log('全 Mongos 连接成功'); return client;}
四、Go（mongo-driver）
Go 生态中，mongo-driver 是 MongoDB 维护的驱动库，适用于高性能后端服务和微服务架构。Go 驱动通过 options.Client() 链式调用配置连接参数，支持连接池、超时、重试和读写策略等完整配置项。以下示例将通用配置封装在 createClient 函数中，四种连接方式只需传入不同的 URI 即可复用同一套配置逻辑。Go 驱动要求在连接时传入 context.Context 以控制超时，建议在应用启动时创建一次 mongo.Client 实例并在整个生命周期中复用，避免重复建立连接。
package mainimport ( "context" "log" "time" "go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo" "go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo/options" "go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo/readpref" "go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo/writeconcern")// 片集群：SRV 连接func createClientWithSRV() (*mongo.Client, error) { uri := "mongodb+srv://mongouser:password@xxx.tencentcdb.com/admin?authSource=admin" return createClient(uri)}// 副本集：控制台默认连接串（包含所有节点地址）func createClientWithReplicaSet() (*mongo.Client, error) { uri := "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017,10.0.0.101:27017,10.0.0.102:27017/admin" + "?authSource=admin&replicaSet=cmgo-xxxxxxxx" return createClient(uri)}// 分片集群：LB 地址连接（绝大多数场景适用）func createClientWithLB() (*mongo.Client, error) { uri := "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017/admin?authSource=admin" return createClient(uri)}// 分片集群：连接所有 Mongosfunc createClientWithAllMongos() (*mongo.Client, error) { uri := "mongodb://mongouser:password@10.0.0.100:27017,10.0.0.100:27018,10.0.0.100:27019/admin" + "?authSource=admin" return createClient(uri)}func createClient(uri string) (*mongo.Client, error) { clientOpts := options.Client().ApplyURI(uri). // 连接池配置 SetMaxPoolSize(150). SetMinPoolSize(10). SetMaxConnIdleTime(120 * time.Second). // 超时配置 SetConnectTimeout(10 * time.Second). SetServerSelectionTimeout(5 * time.Second). // 可靠性配置 SetRetryWrites(true). SetRetryReads(true). SetWriteConcern(writeconcern.Majority()). SetReadPreference(readpref.SecondaryPreferred()) ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second) defer cancel() client, err := mongo.Connect(ctx, clientOpts) if err != nil { return nil, err } // 连接健康检查 if err := client.Ping(ctx, readpref.Primary()); err != nil { return nil, err } log.Println("MongoDB 连接正常") return client, nil}